ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Kalimat Aktif dan Kalimat Pasif

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal), aktif dan pasif.

1) Bentuk aktif adalah orang, binatang, atau benda yang ditunjukkan oleh subjek dikatakan

melakukan sesuatu pada yang lain.

Contoh: Karim killed a tiger. Karim membunuh seekor harimau

2) Bentuk pasif adalah orang, binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Contoh: A tiger was killed by Karim. Seekor harimau dibunuh oleh Karim

Bentuk pasif :

To Be + Past Participle

Aturan-aturan :

a) Kata kerja transitif tidak digunakan dalam bentuk pasif, kecuali kalau kata kerja itu menggunakan cognate object dalam bentuk aktif.

Aktif : She sang a fine song. Ia menyanyikan sebuah nyanyian yang merdu

Pasif : A fine song was sung by her. Sebuah nyanyian yang merdu dinyanyikan olehnya

b) Bilamana kalimat diubah dari bentuk aktif ke pasif, objek untuk kata kerja aktif menjadi subjek untuk kalimat kerja pasif.

objek untuk kata kerja aktif :

Aktif: Linda can make tarts. Linda dapat membuat kue tart

Subjek untuk kata kerja pasif :

Pasif: Tarts can be made by Linda

c) Retained object (objek yang tetap dipakai/dipertahankan dalam pasif)

Dua buah objek dalam kalimat aktif, ketika diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, masih tetap ada sebuah objek dipertahankan, objek ini dinamakan retained object. Objek ini mungkin objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif atau objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif.

Objek tak langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize A prize was given him by us

Objek langsung dari kata kerja aktif

Kata Kerja aktif Kata kerja pasif

We gave him a prize He was given a prize by us

paragraf ative dan passive

FOR SECOND

In the beginning live in group,with each member doing a job that served the whole A group could morerasily itself againts wild anial than one person alone.Because the population was so small,group could wander the land and rarely meet each other.When the group became bigger and bigger they split into smaller unit called families.The first village settlements date back to 4750 BC.People lived in houses taht had several rooms By 3000 BC.they were beggining to separete into small and then larger families.

ACTIVE DAN PASSIVE

Berikut contoh-contoh kalimat aktif yang dirubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

1) Simple present

Aktif John bites Mary John doesn’t bite Mary Does John bite Mary? What does John do? Who bites Mary? Who does John bite?

Pasif Mary is bitten by John Mary isn’t bitten by John Is Mary bitten by John? What is done by John? Who is Mary bitten by? Who is bitten by John?

2) Simple continuous

Aktif John is biting Mary John isn’t biting Mary Is John biting Mary? What is John doing? Who is biting Mary? Who is John biting?

Pasif Mary is being bitten by John Mary isn’t being bitten by John Is Mary being bitten by John? What is being done by John? Who is Mary being bitten by? Who is being bitten by John?

3) Present perfect

Aktif John has bitten Mary John hasn’t bitten Mary Has John bitten Mary? What has John done? Who has bitten Mary? Who has John bitten?

Pasif Mary has been bitten by John Mary hasn’t been bitten by John Has Mary been bitten by John? What has been done by John? Who has Mary been bitten by? Who has been bitten by John?

4) Present perfect continuous

Aktif John has been biting Mary John hasn’t been biting Mary Has John been biting Mary? What has John been doing? Who has been biting Mary? Who has John been biting?

Pasif Mary has been being bitten by John Mary hasn’t been being bitten by John Has Mary been being bitten by John? What has been being done by John? Who has Mary been being bitten by? Who has been being bitten by John?

5) Simple past

Aktif John bit Mary John didn’t bite Mary Did John bite Mary? What did John do? Who bit Mary? Who did John bite?

Pasif Mary was bitten by John Mary wasn’t bitten by John Was Mary bitten by John? What was done by John? Who was Mary bitten by? Who was bitten by John?

6) Past continuous

Aktif John was biting Mary John wasn’t biting Mary Was John biting Mary? What was John doing? Who was biting Mary? Who was John biting?

Pasif Mary was being bitten by John Mary wasn’t being bitten by John Was Mary being bitten by John? What was being done by John? Who was Mary being bitten by? Who was being bitten by John?

7) Past perfect

Aktif John had bitten Mary John hadn’t bitten Mary Had John bitten Mary? What had John done? Who had bitten Mary? Who had John bitten?

Pasif Mary had been bitten by John Mary hadn’t been bitten by John Had Mary been bitten by John? What had been done by John? Who had Mary been bitten by? Who had been bitten by John?

Past perfect continuous

Aktif John had been biting Mary John hadn’t been biting Mary Had John been biting Mary? What had John been doing? Who had been biting Mary? Who had John been biting?

Pasif Mary had been being bitten by John Mary hadn’t been being bitten by John Had Mary been being bitten by John? What had been being done by John? Who had Mary been being bitten by? Who had been being bitten by John?

9) Future

Aktif John will bite Mary John won’t bite Mary Will John bite Mary? What will John do? Who will bite Mary? Who will John bite?

Pasif Mary will be bitten by John Mary won’t be bitten by John Will Mary be bitten by John? What will be done by John? Who will Mary be bitten by? Who will be bitten by John?

10) Future continuous

Aktif John will be biting Mary John won’t be biting Mary Will John be biting Mary? What will John be doing? Who will be biting Mary? Who will John be biting?

Pasif Mary will be being bitten by John Mary won’t be being bitten by John Will Mary be being bitten by John? What will be being done by John? Who will Mary be being bitten by? Who will be being bitten by John?

11) Future perfect

Aktif John will have bitten Mary John won’t have bitten Mary Will John have bitten Mary? What will John have done? Who will have bitten Mary? Who will John have bitten?

Pasif Mary will have been bitten by John Mary won’t have been bitten by John Will Mary have been bitten by John? What will have been done by John? Who will Mary have been bitten by? Who will have been bitten by John?

12) Future perfect continuous

Aktif John will have been biting Mary John won’t have been biting Mary Will John have been biting Mary? What will John have been doing? Who will have been biting Mary? Who will John have been biting?

Pasif Mary will have been being bitten by John Mary won’t have been being bitten by John Will Mary have been being bitten by John? What will have been being done by John? Who will Mary have been being bitten by? Who will have been being bitten by John?

Kata-kata kerja transitif kadang-kadang mempunyai arti pasif walaupun bentuk kalimatnya adalah aktif :

a) Dengan komplemen

Sugar tastes sweet (pasif: sugar is sweet when it is tasted). Gula manis rasanya (gula manis bila

dirasakan)

b) Tanpa komplemen

The books is printing (pasif: the book is being printed). Buku itu sedang dicetak

The cows are milking (pasif: the cows are being milked). Sapi-sapi itu sedang diperah

Kesimpulan :

TENSES		ACTIVE			PASSIVE
Simple Present Present Continuous Present Perfect Past Tense Past Continuous Simple Future Be going to Past perfect Future perfect	Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary Mary		Helps is helping has helped helped was helping will help is going to help had helped will have helped	John John John John John John John John John	John John John John John John John John John	is helped is being helped has been helped was helped was being helped will be helped is going to be helped had been helped will have been helped	by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary by Mary

Perhatian: Semua bentuk pasif verbnya menggunakan bentuk ketiga (V3)

ARTIKEL FROM THE FUTURE

This document is published in the magazine "Crónica de los Tiempos" April 2002. (Translation in free language: Yuliana Suliyanti, Aug 2007) I live in the year 2070. I'm 50 years old, but looks like 85 years already. I experienced many health problems, especially kidney problems because I drink very little water. I think that I would not live much longer. Now, I was the oldest person in this society. Previously, beautiful hair is the pride of all women. Now, we have to shave his head to clean without using water. Earlier, my father washed his car with water directly from a hose. Now, children do not believe that once the water can be used for anything. I still remember the many warnings: "DO NOT WASTE WATER" But nobody paid attention.People assumed that water will never run out because unlimited. Now, rivers, lakes, dams and underground water have all been polluted or completely dried. Scenery around that looks just deserts are barren. Gastro-intestinal infections, skin and urinary tract disease is now the number one cause of death. Industry experience paralysis, the unemployment rate reached a very dramatic.Workers are paid only with a glass of drinking water per day. Many people are looting the water in quiet places. 80% of the food is synthetic.Previously, it was recommended to maintain health is to drink at least 8 glasses of water a day. Now, I could only drink half a glass of water every day.Since water becomes scarce, we are not wash clothes, used clothes immediately discarded, which then increase the number of garbage. We use septic tanks for waste water, as in the past, because there is no water. Man in the days we look pathetic: The body is very weak; parched by extreme dehydration; is covered by sores caused by ultraviolet sunlight and the atmosphere because the earth's ozone layer is depleted. Because dry skin, 20-year-old woman look like a 40-year-old.Scientists have made various investigations and studies, but did not find a way out. We can not produce water. The small number of trees and green plants make oxygen availability is reduced, which in turn lowers the intellectual quotient of future generations. Morphology of human experience changes ... ... Which produce children with a variety of deficiencies, mutations and malformations. The government even makes the tax for the air we breathe: 137 m3 per person per day. [31.102 gallons] Those who can not pay this tax will be excluded from "ventilated areas" that are equipped with gigantic mechanical lungs solar-powered that supply oxygen. The air supplied in the "ventilated areas" is not very good quality, but at least provide oxygen for breathing. Age of the average human life is 35 years old. Some countries still have a vegetated island has its own water source. This area is heavily guarded by armed troops. Water become a very rare and valuable, than gold or jewels. Here there are no more trees because it hardly ever rains. Even if it rains, it is acid rain. There are no more seasons.Climatic changes occurred in the 20th century due to greenhouse effect and pollution. We were warned that it is very important to maintain our environment, but no one cares. When my daughter asked how it was when I was young, I describe how beautiful the forest and natural surroundings that are still green. I tell her how beautiful the rain, the flowers, to bathe, fishing in the river, and can drink as much water as we want. I tell her about how healthy humans at that time. He asked: - Daddy! Why is there no water anymore? I feel like there is a clog my throat ... I can not help feeling guilty, because I come from the generation that destroys nature and the environment. by not taking seriously the warnings ... and many others too! I come from a generation who could have made a difference, but no one is doing. Now, our children who must accept the consequences. Frankly, with this situation of life on Earth will no longer be possible, because the destruction of our environment reached its end point. I wish I could go back in time and convince mankind to understand what will happen ... ... At the time it was still possible and the time for us to do something to save our planet Earth! Send this letter to all your friends and acquaintances, although only by a fraction, global awareness and concrete action of the importance of conserving water and the environment should start from every person. This issue is serious and some have become the real thing and going on around us. Do it for the children and later descendants. WATER AND EARTH FOR THE SAKE OF THE FUTURE!

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